Centre International de Mathématiques
Gaspard MONGE
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Gaspard Monge
9 mai 1746 - 28 juillet 1818
né à Beaune, mort à Paris
Monge is considered the father of differential geometry because of
his work Application de l'analyse à la
géométrie where he introduced the concept of
lines of curvature of a surface in 3-space.
Monge was Comte de Péluse and is sometimes known by this
name.
Monge taught at the École Royale de Genie at
Mézières. His plan of a fortress (1763), drawn by
geometric construction from limited observations, impressed the
authorities so much he was made a professor (1768).
Monge moved to Paris in 1780 and was appointed to École
Normale in 1794. The next year he became director of the École
Polytechnique. Among his colleagues and student in Paris were Carnot
and Poncelet. In 1816 Monge was expelled from the French Academy
losing his position to Cauchy. He never recovered from the shock and
died soon after.
He developed a general method of applying geometry to problems of
construction. Monge's Geometrie descriptive (1799) was
the result of his lectures in this area at École
Polytechnique. He also introduced two planes of projection at right
angles to each other for graphical description of solid objects. He
generalised these techniques into a system called Geometrie
descriptive, which is now known as orthographic projection,
the graphical method used in modern mechanical drawing.
Monge served on the committee that established the metric system
and he also accompanied Napoleon to Egypt to set up educational
facilities there.
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